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This article proposes comparing nonprofit news organizations that prioritize social welfare goals with the hybrid organizational form that mixes the institutional logics of charities and business enterprises: the Social Enterprise. The institutional logic comprises organizing templates, patterns of actions and values. These Social News Enterprises (SNEs) are analyzed as hybrids mixing the institutional logics of commercial, public, and alternative news media. Financed by donations and the revenue from services, SNEs engage in public, investigative, and explanatory journalism. Normative behavioral principles of SNEs are used to compare the impact-based model of ProPublica with the growth-focused model of The Texas Tribune.

Analyses of business models and media consumption within the traditions of media economics and media management explicitly but mostly implicitly rely on the representation of a media consumer that rationally pursues the maximisation of utility. Such concept provides the basis for the generalised understanding of the passive consumer of media goods, motivated by subjective wants, needs and preferences. Yet, the digitalisation of media production and distribution has fundamentally changed consumers, producers and their relationship. Users of digital media platforms select, purchase or attend the output of media providers, and leave traces of their digital activities for marketers and advertisers. In addition, they supply content, rate, comment, and share or promote among their network the offers of media providers. The increasing variety of media providers are better understood as brands proposing different value generating activities rather than substitute products at different prices. Critically and by drawing from literature from a variety of research traditions, including political economy of communication, sociology, philosophy and marketing, this theoretical paper discusses the features of the active user of media brands, the hypothetical recipient of the business models of digital media services such as YouTube, Google, Netflix, Amazon Video or Facebook. It is argued that practical knowledge, affect, different types of gratifications and universal values, which are guiding principles for a better life, should be taken into account ; (VLID)4368142

Academic, trade, and popular publications commonly assert that 80 percent of motion pictures fail to make a net profit, suggesting also that the main players of the motion picture industry operate in highly volatile market conditions. More importantly, major film companies use this argument to negotiate for better terms with their production and distribution partners, to lobby for stricter copyright protections, and to argue in favor of media conglomeration as a hedge against adverse market conditions. This article disputes these assertions by calculating the full range of income that major motion pictures derive from their primary and secondary markets. It demonstrates that a large share of studio films are ultimately profitable, therefore challenging the arguments that conglomerates make with industry partners and government policy makers. ; (VLID)1566703

This introductory chapter explains that there is a widely shared understanding of the imperative nature of media convergence, which is based on different notions connecting positive goals such as efficiency, synergy, simplification, information abundance, participation, availability and multimodality. These social imaginaries of media convergence are powerful concepts that influence political agendas and legitimize policy decisions. In this book, these privileged meanings of media convergence are challenged by presenting alternative and mostly overlooked trends and theories defined under the umbrella term of media deconvergence. The perspective of deconvergence helps to shed light on sites of tension and the simultaneity of competing forces such as coalescence and drifting apart, or linearity and discontinuity. Two of these sites of tension are analyzed more carefully in this chapter: the users perspective and the (de)convergence of markets. ; (VLID)2321125

"Acknowledgements" -- "Contents" -- "Editors and Contributors" -- "List of Figures" -- "List of Tables" -- "Part I Introduction" -- "Chapter 1 Media Convergence Meets Deconvergence " -- "Media Convergence as a Concept" -- "Media Convergence and Deconvergence from the User's Perspective" -- "The Proliferation of Devices and of Media Related Practices" -- "The Transmedia Flow of Content and the Dissolution of Distinctive Usage Scenarios" -- "The Interconnection of Media and the Management of Domestic Infrastructures" -- "The Convergence and Deconvergence of Media and Communications Markets" -- "The Rationale for Market Convergence" -- "The Rationale for Market Deconvergence" -- "Aims and Scope of the Book" -- "References" -- "Chapter 2 Deconstructing "Media Convergence": A Cultural History of the Buzzword, 1980s–2010s " -- "Introduction to a Confusing Term" -- "A Short Prehistory: Media Convergence Before Digitization" -- "Four (Historical) Dimensions that Promote an Understanding of Convergence" -- "Technological Convergence from the Early 1980s" -- "Economic/Market Convergence from the Late 1980s/Early 1990s" -- "Political/Regulatory Convergence from the 1990s" -- "Cultural Convergence from the 2000s" -- "A Very Short Quantitative History of the Term" -- "Conclusion: A History of Change and Continuity" -- "References" -- "Part II Media Audiences and Usage" -- "Chapter 3 Convergence in Domestic Media Use? The Interplay of Old and New Media at Home " -- "Introduction: Challenges of convergence in audience and reception studies" -- "Theoretical background: Grasping convergence as a user-driven process" -- "Two concepts of convergent media use: Cultural convergence and consumption convergence" -- "Analyzing convergence: From technological determinism to a user-centered perspective

This article examines how online discussions negotiate radicalism or pluralism in the context of national identities, where nationalism and religiosity often overlap. Grounded in three schools of thoughts (i.e., the Islamist, the pluralist, and the nation-statist), this article employs multimodal discourse analyses on 210 posts to gauge discursive practices in these online spaces. Using Muslim-majority states like Pakistan as a case study, this article finds that the three schools of thought draw on complex, multilayered, and nuanced themes to arbitrate notions of "Pakistaniness," especially the more conservative or far-right Islamic spheres. As empirical evidence suggests, nationalist expressions emerge through the performance of collective culture, visual symbols, military fetishism, gendered construction of nationhood, and hypernationalism. By exploring the digital practices and discourses in three Facebook communities, this article confirms the presence of the echo chamber phenomenon in Pakistani social media with great potential toward group polarization for more conservative strata of society. Last, we find that a Muslim identity remains the most important marker of being a Pakistani, whereas radicalization has drawn legitimacy from anti-India rhetoric.